It is a common principle in rocketry to increase the velocity of flow of the hot exhaust gases by a restriction of the path of flow of these gases. This is called the jet principle and has been used successfully for decades. The jet principle of flow (water, air) acceleration I am using of many different applications of my JET blade and JET turbine applications according to my inventions. Several inventions are focused on the new blade. The aim of proposed inventive blade and respective turbine is to increase the blade performance of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbine, hydrokinetic turbines, vortex turbines, helicopter and airplane propellers and wings and of the under water wings, as well. The blade cross section is airfoil shaped (twisted or not) and is applicable for ducted and no ducted machines.

Jet blade turbines self start in very low wind speeds, and at the same time, self regulate rotational speed in mid to high winds; thus, leading to incredibly high power output and efficiency, while still being silent, stable, and safe. The main advantage of the invented blade is a special design that exploits three types of rotational forces:

1.      Air / hydro jet forces

2.      Aerodynamic / hydrodynamic lift

3.      Helpful drag forces

The blade is a unique blade world wide. All wind turbines using the blade are much more quiet in operation.
Because of the invented blade all turbines increased both blade velocity and efficiency without any movable parts and complicated blade form and structure and without any energy consuming elements and facilities. High blade performance is achieved by significantly reducing of no helpful blade drag forces, (especially inductive tip loses), enhancing helpful drag  and by improving of the blade aerodynamic lift. Jet blade is a partly hollow airfoil blade with inlet apertures of a blade wall and outlet nozzles in the trailing blade edge. In the hollow blade part (by rotating) the centrifugal force is constantly pressing air inside of the blade and pressed air pass through the narrow holes (nozzles) forming jet streams that creating the rotational jet torque. The jet blade turbine is more efficient than the airfoil blade turbine in broad turbulent wind speed spectrum. Jet blades designs transition from a drag mode to a nearly pure lift mode, equating to a surge in power output of 5-fold.

Airfoil shaped jet blade of the horizontal axes impeller applications rotates by both aerodynamic lift and jet force. Jet blade can find applications in propulsion propeller rotors, as well.

Airfoil shaped jet blade of the cross flow vertical axes turbine applications rotates by aerodynamic lift, jet force and by helpful drag forces.  The enhancement of centrifugal force, respectively rotational jet torque  depend on the rpm and rotor radius mainly and not depend on the flow turbulence in the practice. That is why the vertical axes turbine (with jet blades)  operate efficiently with several coaxial rotors fixed around a common rotor shaft in both medium air and water. Also, close spaced vertical axes rotors operate efficiently by common drive train and common alternator in the case of electric generating applications. See video of VAWT with new invented jet blades. A short presentation of new invented under water power plant with jet self augmented Savonius turbines and vortex hydro power plant can see here. The presentation of the new invented free stream hydrokinetic power plant see here .  

Videos of newest patents see here

The biggest Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) are capable of producing 7-8 MW of power and stand just short of 200 m tall, but if you try to make them any bigger they start to become less efficient. One reason is that the weight of the turbine blades becomes prohibitive. As they turn, this places the blades under enormous stress. Add to that the cost and difficulty of building the increasingly large towers needed to keep this top-heavy structure stable and you have a major engineering challenge on your hands.

The JET BLADE VAWT gets round these problems. The centre of gravity is at the bottom, making the structure much more stable. The blade inductive loses of the conventional megawatt class VAWT and HAWT are very high. This loses avoided significantly by new invented partly hollow JET BLADE. The 140-metre high V-shaped JET BLADE VAWT would be mounted onshore or offshore and capable of generating up to 10 megawatts of electricity - three times as much power as a conventional HAWT of equivalent size. The jet blade wind turbine design allows to reduce significantly the cost of electricity generated  at the level as low as the utility grid prices at present.

The main advantages of the jet blades of wind and hydro turbine are: easy self start because of redirecting (by blade) incoming flow to tangential rotational jet stream and conversion of the part of centrifugal forces to tangential rotational jet forces/torque. That is why the new jet blades are helping in both easy start and effective turbine rotation. The jet blade turbine is more efficient than the airfoil blade turbine.

Specific advantages of cross flow Tonchev Jet Turbines:
• Easy start at low velocity streams
• Very good performance at low and moderate flow velocity
• Better energy yield in the comparison with all conventional turbines
• Low maintenance
• Low cost
• Shorter pay back period of investment and bigger internal rate of return

Tides and marine currents are predictable and they can be used as a dependable base line supply. Water currents are analogous to air currents. Because water is so much more dense than air, a 22 х 17 m (370 m² swept area) vertical axis Jet Blade Marine Turbine operating at current velocity of 3 m/s could produce similar rated power as a 60 m diameter (2 800 m² swept area) horizontal axis wind turbine operating at 15 m/s (e.g. ~ 1 MW). Such marine turbines are anticipated to be installed at depths of 30 – 40 m.

In one embodiment of the jet blade an airfoil shaped spoiler is attached parallel to the trailing blade edge. The spoiler reduced vortices after the blade and improved aerodynamic blade performance. In addition - the spoiler act as a conventional lift blade, as well.

The centrifugal forces of rotation produce bending moments in the blades and their support structures of all type of  vertical - axis rotor systems. The wind pressure produces rotor thrust. From this point of view, a highly desirable feature for the rotor of every type vertical-axis turbine is a sturdy resistance against centrifugal forces tending to bend the blades, against gust moments tending to bend the vertical shaft and to reduce the rotor thrust. The new invented blade converts partially (and redirect) centrifugal forces and increased wind pressure inside hollow blade in to rotational jet forces and simultaneously minimize rotor thrust. Also, the hollow blade with inside structure is more resistant to mechanical stress in the comparison with the solid blade.

VAWT are environmentally preferred to conventional horizontal-axis turbines. For example, innovative VAWTs produce less noise than conventional turbines because they operate at lower tip-speed ratios. Similarly, VAWTs cause less electromagnetic interference than conventional turbines. The medium-size innovative VAWTs are aesthetically much more acceptable than conventional HAWT, and are bird friendly because they are visible as an solid body during operation.

Wind energy is one of the more promising renewable energy sources. Most wind turbines (windmills) are of the horizontal axis type (HAWT), but vertical axis cross flow wind turbines or VAWTs have some advantages for direct mechanical drive applications. Invented blade is finding a lot of applications of both HAWTs and HAWTs. VAWTs need no tail or yaw mechanism to orient them into the wind and power is easily transmitted via a vertical shaft to a load at ground level. Blades may be of uniform section and untwisted, making them relatively easy to fabricate or extrude, unlike the blades of horizontal axis wind turbines which should be twisted and tapered for optimum performance by peripheral arrangements according to the inventions. Particularly within the past decade or so, it is becoming increasingly clear that alternatives to fossil fuels to generate electricity are needed and that this need is becoming more critical with each passing year. The pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity has already created significant destruction to the environment resulting in global warming, which if not stopped or reduced significantly, could well lead to disastrous declines in the quality of life of billions of people around the world. The supply of fossil fuels is constantly being depleted, and as the demand for electricity continues to surge dramatically. In addition to nuclear and solar energy, the use of wind energy to generate electricity has long been considered and has already found widespread use. The supply of wind is unlimited, free in cost, widely available and free of pollutants. The conventional wind turbine electrical generator includes a group, typically three, of aerodynamically shaped blades mounted for rotation atop a tower. The blades are mounted at one of their ends to a hub, which, in turn, drives the rotor of an electrical generator. As the prevailing wind passes over the blades they are caused to rotate, which, in turn, causes the rotor to turn in the generator, thereby to generate electricity in a known manner. The electricity thus generated is collected for transmission to a local facility for further transmission along power lines to the consumers of the electricity.

Although it has clear advantages over fossil fuel, such as its unlimited supply and freedom from pollutants, the use of wind power has thus far been limited as a result of the relatively high cost of generation of electricity and the relatively low yield for the monies invested in building wind turbines. One problem in the use of wind turbine technology to generate electricity occurs when the velocity of the ambient wind is too low to drive the turbine blades to generate a sufficient amount of energy. A second problem arises when the wind velocity is too great, which could result in the damage or even destruction of the wind turbine. When the latter condition occurs, the wind turbine is typically shut down until the wind velocity returns to normal levels. It is thus not unusual for a wind turbine to achieve only about 30% of its energy-generation capacity. Moreover, even at normal wind velocities, the efficiency of conventional wind turbines to produce significant amounts of electricity at competitively low costs is limited by the current technologies.
As a result of the inherent advantages of wind turbine technology numerous attempts have been made over the past decades to improve the various elements of the wind turbine, particularly to improve the blade design, including the use of blades having hollow interiors. Although the efficiency of generation of electricity by wind turbines has steadily increased, it has not yet reached levels at which wind turbine technology can compete widely with fossil fuels.

There thus remains a need for an improved wind turbine that can operate more efficiently at all levels of wind velocity, thereby to greatly increase the use of wind turbine technology as an economically viable alternative to fossil fuels in the generation of electricity.

It is thus an object of the present inventions to provide a blade for a wind turbine that allows the turbine to operate at a higher efficiency and at a reduced unit cost.

Urban vertical axes wind turbines

Large wind turbines have become an increasingly familiar sight within the landscape, often situated in wind farms in remote areas, and away from the towns. Yet, another opportunity is opening up with the appearance of small wind turbines that are suited to the urban environment.

George Tonchev is developing a series of small vertical axes innovative wind turbines (VAIWT) for urban and suburban areas. Developed VAIWT is for placement on pylons of street lamps to power street lights and for other applications as well. VAIWT, also is a part of hybrid stand alone and grid connected hybrid systems (a good combination with photovoltaic) designed specifically for the demanding solar power and wind profiles common in built-up areas.

WAIWT is especially designed for difficult wind situations, commonly found in urban situations.

The advantages of VAIWT:
- VAIWT withstands the turbulent winds.
- The vertical axis makes VAIWT independent to the often changing wind direction.
- VAIWT does have a high annual energy production, at relatively low wind speeds.
- VAIWT has an attractive and distinctive design

Some of inventions related to VAIWT are described below:

 
Further, various Darrieus-type turbine blade designs are disclosed in U. S. Patent Nos. 1,835, 018,2, 020,900, 4,112, 311,4, 204,805 and 4,334, 823. However, these Darrieus- type designs also have inherent deficiencies, including that only the middle one-third of their blade length (at least for curved Darrieus blade versions) efficiently creates power; that the farther the distance from a curved blade to its axis of rotation, the greater the likelihood, especially in large scale power generation units, of a Darrieus type unit going into harmonic vibration and self-destructing ; that all such Darrieus-blade type units are not self-starting, but need assistance in starting; and that in many wind conditions they can, on a periodic basis, use up more energy than they actually produce. Without proper controls and/or mechanical braking systems, Darrieus type units (like Savonius units) have been known to"run away" during elevated wind speed conditions. Further yet, there have been attempts at combining a bucket-shaped Savonius-type drag blade system with a Darrieus-type curved lift blade system, as found in U. S. Patent No.3,918, 839, and in Tanzawa, et al. ,"Dynamic Characteristics of the self-controlled Darrieus- Savonius Hybrid Wind Turbine System, "Proceedings of the CSPE-JSME-ASME International Conference on Power Engineering, Vol.I, (1995), pp. 115-121 ("Tanzawa").In U. S. Patent No. 3,918, 839, significant difficulties arose relative to the operational, i. e. , rotational, stability of the unit at high wind speeds. In Tanzawa, the addition of a Savonius bucket rotor to start the Darrieus rotor resulted in a reduction in the total turbine power and high braking torque at higher rotational rates. There were also the above-noted inherent problems present in all separate Darrieus and Savonius-type blade systems.

Most available wind turbine designs have problems of excessive noise and vibration, often self-destruct in high wind conditions, some require separate start-up, braking or stopping mechanisms, and many are not considered safe, readily insurable or building- code permitted, at least not for use in congested urban settings. Thus, there has been an ongoing need for a wind turbine design that can be successfully incorporated into various building and tower structures, that produces minimal noise and vibration during operation, is capable of starting up and operating in each of low speed, steady, gusty, and high speed wind conditions, has a built-in self-regulation via an inherent structural geometry against over-speeding runaway conditions, is formed of blade designs that operate in essentially all wind conditions and produce moderate drag during full rotational operation, which is easy to manufacture and ship, and which can be housed in a safe operating package for use in crowded urban settings.
The turbine blades act as wind/water brakes at unduly high wind speeds to prevent runaway conditions. The outer airfoil blades enable the hybrid wind turbine to achieve high rotational speeds and resultant high energy production efficiencies at upper wind speeds. Together the helical and airfoil blades help maximize harvesting of wind energy. The present hybrid wind turbine operates with minimal noise and vibration, particularly since the segmented helical vane members operate at a rotational (varying torque) rate that does not exceed the speed of the wind by more than three and a half times and with a varying profile that always presents generally the same overall blade area to the wind. (This is in distinct contrast to standard"non-twisted""S"rotors which, in essence, offer a alternating high-or wide-and then a low-or narrow-profile to the wind as they rotate.) This acts to substantially eliminate the"banging"noise and harmful action, especially in the support bearings, as found in many non-helical, non-twisted prior art Savonius-type turbine blades. The segmented helical screw blades, formed into two helical half wing blades, can be selectively formed with different numbers, and hence widths, of elongated vane segments, and with different spacing between such vane segments, depending upon the operational height at which the hybrid wind turbine will be mounted, and also upon the average annual wind speed available at that operational height. Additionally, both the cross-sectional shape of the outer airfoils, and their operational distance from the inner helical blades, can be altered for the same reasons. The inner helical blades can be alternatively formed as generally smooth-walled blades, i. e., formed via an edge-abutting or slightly overlapping series of flat panel segments but that in either case do not have edge separation during rotational operation.

The crossed-helical blade (X-like) hybrid turbine is of universal axis such that it can be mounted horizontally, vertically, or at any other near vertical or angular operational orientation as desired, and as specific mounting surface conditions may require. It can be used in urban settings, such as a single generation point with minimal transmission loss, such as for a so- called"zero energy"building. The overall shape of the present hybrid wind turbine can be cylindrical, conical, frustro-conical, or other shape. Further, a belt-drive or direct-drive type permanent magnet alternator, a belt-drive or direct-drive type generator, or alternatively, a belt-drive or direct-drive type air motor can be used to harness and convert the wind- generated power from the hybrid wind turbine.The cross blade (X-like) turbine can be considered as a turbine with aerodynamic Savonius type blade. The basic differences are two; Blades are positioned on the rotor periphery and second difference in the comparison with Savonius rotor is that part of blade is hollow aerodynamically shaped vane and other part is airfoil as every conventional Darrieus rotor blade (straight or twisted). Described advanced new blade design is wide applicable to every turbine rotor design presented at these pages. An important advantage of the new design is that is possible to optimize every blade by changing of the blade proportion, e.g. airfoil dominated or aerodynamically shaped vane dominated. For the self starting turbine at low flow conditions is preferable shaped vane dominated blade (drag dominated device) or twisted Darrieus airfoil blade domination (lift dominated device) with smaller aspect ratio. For the high speed turbine is preferable Darrieus airfoil blade domination or bigger aspect ratio of the turbine rotor.

The turbine finds application in the utilization of the energy from the movement of the wind, water steams, liquids and gases under pressure to generate electric power, to pump the underground and/or river/ sea water, to compress different fluids (liquids and gases), to rotate flywheels and other devices that use for energy storage and/or for other power applications. The turbine includes blades, fitted around a vertical shaft. The blades rotate in the periphery of the turbine rotor. The turbine may also include two or more rings of blades to increase torque and power output.

The present invention provides a substantially drag turbine with fixed blades which is easy to fabricate and which provides aerodynamic advantages. The turbine blades are like hollow, partially open, airplane wings with peripheral jet channels that formed tangential JET streams. When fluid flow blows to the hollow blade side the turbine rotor operates as a drag device by drag force. When same fluid flow is redirecting to the peripheral jet channels rotor blades operate as a JET device by JET force. When flow blows to the opposite (airfoil shaped) blade side the power of the turbine is increased additionally by generating of lift force and rotor operates as a lift device, partially. The helical twist blades improve the degree of the conversion of the kinetic energy of the driving fluid, especially in non-laminar flows, and help for a smoother turbine rotation. The blades can be also X-like crossed helical (spiral) blades aimed an improvement of mechanical strength and rotational stability. The turbine blades are fixed around a central drive shaft and formed one ore more coaxial rings. Each ring consists of open hollow blades ore closed blades. Both are shaped as airplane wings (straight or twisted). Double-rotor turbines (coaxial rings) or triple rotor drag dominated turbines can operate without additional air/water brakes. But lift dominated turbine even in two ring rotor design require additional brakes. The main problem of relative low efficiency of conversion of wind/water flow to usable power of drag dominated rotors can be avoid by using tall rotors (high aspect ratio) and relative small diameters. To increase the power converted of such applications is better to use double or triple rotor facilities, but not coaxial rotors e.g. tree separate rotors with a common power train and common eclectic generator / alternator or by hybrid electric generator. For the low cost turbine is possible to use non-helical - straight or arc shaped drag/JET/lift blades that are more cheap in manufacturing.

The four rotor turbine unit by tornado effect significantly increases unit efficiency. The four rotors are closely spaced and drive a electric generator / alternator by a common drive train. The four rotor turbine unit is applicable for wind and free water stream energy converters. Unit rotors are with high aspect ratio, low blade numbers and low solidity. That is why they rotate relative faster even if they are with drag dominated blades. The unit is self starting at low fluid speed because of high torque created by four parallel operating rotors. Every unit's rotor acts simultaneously as flow energy converter and as a device directing flow to an optimal angle to the blades of the neighbor rotor. At high wind speed or high water velocity 4-rortor assembly act as air/water break and not alloy over speeding. The common power train can increase rpm of the rotors to produce power by most efficient way. For wind application power train and electric generator are near to base mounted. For water application power train and electric generator are fixed over water. As wind generator 4 rotor assembly is suitable for urban environment because is low noise, reliable and low maintenance unit and can operate as hybrid facility together wit photovoltaic, as well.

The invented turbines and turbine units basically are cross flow machines and the vector fluid speed has to be orthogonal to the rotor shaft. But practically, in the cases of wind flow near the earth surface flow vector has a substantial vertical speed component and flow speed is not horizontal. In this typical case, when wind turbine rotates around own vertical shaft the longitudinal twist of the rotor blades generated additional spiral rotation of the air flow passing in the hollow side of the blades. The spiral rotation of the air is increased flow speed by vortex (tornado) effect. The said effect increased additionally power performance of the hybrid vertical axis turbine. The generating of additional lift force by rotor blades and possibilities for rotor operation in low flow speed (like every drag device) are main advantages of presented hybrid (JET/drag/lift) vertical axis turbine.

Unique triple action blade design is a common innovative topic of all fluid turbines described on these pages.

A presented turbine is capable to provide unidirectional rotation under a multidirectional ultra low-head fluid flow. А turbine assembly comprises an array of turbine units or modules arranged, vertically or horizontally, to harness, for example, water or wind power.

Some of the results of wind tunnel and water channel trials to optimize the unique cross-helical blade windmill rotor are reported here. The design simplicity, omnidirectional wind acceptance, self-starting characteristics, and lack of a need for overspeed control encouraged the tests. The rotor aspect ratio, blade overlap, blade separation gap, the blade cross-section profile, and the guide vane attachment were investigated, together with the flow pattern through the blades. Two X-like bladed type configurations were examined. Every factor was found to significantly affect performance. High aspect ratios are favored for high wind velocity regions, while low aspect ratios are preferable in regions with low winds. Guide vanes augmented the power coefficient, which approached 0.42 at 4 m/s.

In some of my books the power coefficient of a tornado-type wind turbine is described for an incompressible and inviscid fluid with the assumption of radially equilibrium flow. A power coefficient based on the tower base area was chosen first. It is found that this coefficient mainly depends on the axial velocity allowed to be produced at the turbine outlet. A power coefficient based on the tower frontal area is computed next. It is found that our result is much more physically meaningful than that of Loth. Also, it is found that for the optimum value of the turbine outlet velocity, the ratio of the maximum power output of a Tornado-type wind turbine to the conventional wind turbine of the same size is proportional to the cube of the ratio of the tower to the turbine diameter.

Prior art
The use of the kinetic energy of the naturally going fluids is not novelty: the flowing rivers water, the sea and air currents for useful work. For thousands of years, the streams of the rivers and other water streams drive water wheels that transform the energy to the stream in mechanical energy of the shaft of the wheel. In spite of that, aggregates powered by water wheels, are known in the practice long ago and in our days there are a range of patents that advance the primary reformers of energy, but as well systems and components which include such reformers.

Zero head vertical axis turbine for not pressured water streams is known from patent of Canada № CA20042484293. This and all other kinds of vertically axle water turbine, most frequently are placed under water, near by the water surface. It is known that the speed of the water stream on the surface is biggest, but it drops down fast with increasing the depth. The speed on the bottom has in fact zero value. If the horizontal forces that influence on the blades of the vertically axial turbines are proportional on the square of the speed, which means that on the top end of the blades of vertically axial turbines, the water speed is nearly 1. 4 times bigger in comparison with the lower part of the blade, than the horizontal load at the upper part of the blades will be nearly two times bigger, in comparison with the horizontal load at the other (lower) end. This deviation provokes very asymmetric loads in the blades, which has unwelcome mechanical consequences. In principle all turbines, whose shafts are posed vertically in the stream, are subject to such undesired loads not only on their blades, but over their shafts as well, and over the whole construction, which supports the turbine.

In patent publication № WO2006030190 is offered vertical axis Darrious turbine, whose blades are peripherally situate on the perimeter of the rotor and are able to twist during the rotation time. This one and all other kinds of Darious machines rotate due to the aerodynamic /the hydrodynamic force, formed by the blades, whose cross - sectional profiles resemble plane wings - propellers.

The helical turbines, described in U.S. patent № US2001000197 work on the same principle.

According to the last two publications, the disadvantage of these and all similar turbines, is their law efficiency at law speeds of the stream and therefore it’s not appropriate for them to work in sea waves, for example, where the speed of the water during rising and dropping of the wave is low, and at the same time during one wave period the speed has zero value twice (on the highest and on the lowest point).

About the invention
Goal of the present invention is a zero head water turbine that will be effective at low speeds of fluid flow, will be subject to small workloads of the blades, shaft and whole supporting construction, and will have low prime cost.

The main goal is achieved by zero head water turbine, with one or more peripherally mounted blades on common shaft, specified with that shaft is posed horizontally, and cross - sectional on the mainstream, and each of the blades resemble a hollow propeller, which is opened on its elongated part, and its blades are helical twisted over imaginary cylindrical surface, described during the rotation of the inner parts of the blades at the side of the rotor shaft of the turbine.

Advantages of zero head water turbine

The advantages of zero head water turbine, according to the invention, consist in achieving high degree in transformation of the kinetic energy of the fluid stream into useful mechanical energy at low speeds of the water flow, at oscillating water currents as well as tidal and sea waves, its efficient work at a higher turbulence to the mainstream and the possibility it gives for building installations with multitude of such turbines (modules), located side by side, one after another, and one under other in the mainstream as well as with different combinations of the described locations. The shaft of the turbine, which is posed across the stream gives the possibility, that all exertions over the blades as a result of their resistance to the water stream, to be transformed mainly into revolving moment of the shaft of the turbine and to load it and the blades less. With horizontal location of the shaft, the asymmetrical loading over the blades along their length is strongly reduced.

The installations, built of modules of turbines, have lower prime cost for transformed energy unit, because the capacity of each turbine is commensurable with its mass, and hence nearly on its the prime cost as well. The turbines with small diameters turn quicker, which reduces the losses at their multiplications of revolutions, and which also gives the possibility for eliminating the multipliers, and hence the shaft of the turbine is joined directly with low rpm electric generator/alternator.

The low frontal resistance of the zero head water turbine, according to the invention, allows it to be mounted on existing fundaments, as different types of buildings, quay walls, pontoons and other constructions, facilities and floating platforms.

We have test results of both turbine models vertical axis and propeller type and data based on the computer simulation. The test results shows that turbine efficiency depends on both design and flow conditions. That is why we are using “Design-to-Site” approach.

Designs of innovative blade (fixed or variable pitch) of invented vertical axis machines are extremely flexible, as an example: from pure airfoil to curved vane with different twist angle. The power performance is depend on the blade plan form, blade cross section, number of blades per a rotor, blade twist angle, number of close spaced rotors in an assembly etc.. E.g. for low speed flow – drag dominated design with high disk ratio and opposite.

The turbine design is very depend on the local stream conditions. We find and develop a mathematical model of dependency of turbine power performance in regard to around rotor water speed and flow speed trough rotor open center. For unidirectional flow, according to above marked model we developed two open center rotors of a single shaft propeller turbine. We believe that “Design-to-Site” is the best approach in hydrokinetic engineering.

Two Stage Horizontal Axis Coaxial JET Turbine

Small-scale wind-driven electrical power generating devices have been used for generations in remote areas not served by electricity utility companies. However, in more recent years, as the cost of fossil fuels, such as oil, has increased, more interest has been taken in alternative renewable sources of energy, such as tidal, hydroelectric and wind. The design of wind-driven electrical power devices has not changed much over the years. Thus, the basic device involves a turbine, comprising a set of rotor blades, rather like an oversized aircraft propeller, connected to an electricity generator through a system of gears. Developers have mainly concentrated on improvements in the blades, the manufacturing process, production of larger turbines and in the reduction of maintenance requirements. However, devices with large turbines must be mounted on tall and massive towers. These can spoil the landscape in which they are placed, which is usually in a remote area. In addition, since a number of devices must be located together to provide an economical energy output, the negative impact on the landscape is increased. The size of the turbine and the mounting requirements limit the number of suitable site locations for the devices.

These large devices are very noisy, which is a consequence of the high gear ratio between the turbine and the generator. The devices can only safely be operated in wind speeds up to approximately 25 m/s. At speeds above this limit the device must be shut down to avoid damage. Shutdown is achieved by turning the turbine and generator broadside to the wind and holding them there. This positioning and holding in place relies on an azimuth motor referenced by a remote wind direction sensor. The azimuth motor is geared to a ring gear. Failure or malfunction of any of these key components will render the entire system inoperable, and such an occurrence could lead to more serious damage to the device, and could possibly result in the loss of the turbine. As the size of the turbine is increased, to provide more power output, the support structure must also be enlarged and a point is reached where further enlargement of the turbine becomes uneconomical. The current devices have reached this limiting point of cost versus output. It is an object of the down wind stream JET turbine invention to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional wind-driven electrical power-generating device as described hereinbefore.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Thus, the invention provides a wind-driven electrical power-generating device, comprising a two stage coaxial wind JET turbine connected by a common to an electrical generator. The wind turbine and generator each being mounted downwind on a support structure.

The main advantages of the invented  Two Stage Horizontal Axis Coaxial JET Downwind Turbine are compact  design and high efficient operation at low and moderate wind speeds. Thanks to that the invented turbine is low maintenance and generate low cost power.

Invented JET wind turbines are implemented in the built environment, as well. 

Invented JET wind turbines
• work in both vertical and horizontal axis 
• operate noise- and vibration-free 
• are low RPM and bird-safe 
• come safely enclosed in protective frameworks 
• require no special code exemptions or insurance 
• set a new standard of wind generator beauty.

Problem
Primary renewable power sources (like wind, tidal and sea wave energy) are variable in very broad range. At low flow speed power density is low, also. That is why is very important electric generators to be efficient at low wind and free water stream speeds. Well known electric rotating generators that uses for transformation of mechanical power of wind and tidal turbine to electricity are very inefficient at low rotating turbine speed. Conventional gear boxes are mounted between a turbine shaft and an electric rotating generator. This solution increased efficiency of electric rotating generators / alternators, but overall efficiency go down because of gear box mechanical loses.

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electric generating structure capable of extremely efficiently providing an electric power in very broad range turbine shaft speeds.

SOLUTION: This structure, named hybrid electric generator, is a combination comprises the rotating generators and the reciprocating generators connected by controlled clutches  to a common turbine shaft.

The reciprocating generators are efficient at low rotational shaft speed. The rotating electric generators are efficient at high shaft speed. That is why the invented hybrid electric generator is efficient in very broad shaft speed range.

Example
A wind turbine provides mechanical power to the invented hybrid electric generator. The hybrid generator comprises a rotating generator and two reciprocating generators connected to a common turbine shaft. The rotating generator is a doubly fed induction machine that rotates with constant rpm (synchronous speed of the generator), when wind blows with more than 4 m/s wind speed up to 14 m/s. When wind speed is low than 4 m/s rotating generator is not in operation. Instead - reciprocating generators  are in operation. When wind speed is more than 14 m/s rotating generator rpm are over the constant synchronous speed. Above the synchronous speed, the electricity from the rotating generator  is converted to direct current (dc) electricity and the dc electricity is converted back to alternating current (ac) electricity at a fixed unity power factor. Below synchronous speed, electricity flows to the rotor from the utility grid also at a fixed unity power factor. The current of the ac electricity is adjusted to be in phase with the utility grid voltage, wherein the ac electricity is maintained substantially at unity power factor.

Applications
The rise and fall of the sea level in many parts of the world is a vast untapped power source. The gravitational pull of the sun and moon forces the sea level to move up and down, and there have been many attempts to source electric power from this natural motion, although to date none have been effectively and widely implemented. Oscillating tidal moving is relatively slow and tidal speed varies from zero to 5 knots usually. The tidal turbines are low speed energy converters. The invented hybrid generator is applicable for tidal turbines, because it is efficient at low and high rotational turbine shaft speed without any gearboxes, as well.

Vertical axis wind turbines (for grid connected application mainly) are slow rotating machines at low speed winds. The invented hybrid generator is applicable for vertical axis and for big horizontal axis wind turbines that rotates slowly. Conventional wind generators are not operating at low wind speed. By the invented hybrid generator the conventional wind turbines became capable efficiently providing an electric power in very low wind speeds.

Autonomous pontoon installation for hydrogen and oxygen production

The power set is optimized for motor vehicles. An improved four wheels battery car, powered by two electric motors, connected in tandem so that by engaging the controls three speeds may be achieved. The electrical supply for the vehicle is furnished by fuel cell. At least one electric motor is reversible machine and acts as charging battery generator that is driving by the regenerative braking torque of the wheels, mechanically connected trough rpm multiplier to the generator to improve the generator electric productivity. For small city car applications of the invention only one reversible electric machine is enough for. Batteries charged by wind and solar DC generators when vehicle is not in use and by fuel cell during operation. For city cars the quick removable batteries at exchange stations are used. If desired by the operator of the vehicle, adds to the uniqueness of our invention by adding to the art of unlimited speed and distance. The interchangeable system of the batteries on travel routes and the ease which these components can be installed, removed from and replaced in our motor car adds to the many aptitudes of this motor car and to its uniqueness. The optimal work of so presented power set is controlling by on board computer.

A double action hybrid power system is a unit consists of two integrated parts:

• The first part is gasoline / petrol / ethanol / natural gas or diesel internal combustion engine.
• The second part includes one or more electromagnetic reciprocating machines (motor-generators).

The reciprocating pistons of the first part and the reciprocating plungers of the second part to a common rotatable crankshaft are connected. It is the main innovation of the new hybrid power system. This technical solution gives a reason for number of hybrid system advantages. A part of them are described below:

A standard combustion engine is required to operate over a range of speed and power, yet its highest efficiency is in a narrow range of operation. Also, an engine part (of the presented invention) designed for a reduced operating range can be more efficient than a standard engine. The battery storage and electric reciprocating motors in a common unit with a combustion engine allows the combustion engine to operate at its point of maximum efficiency, to be of a higher efficiency design, and to be smaller than non-hybrid applications. The electric motor part of the hybrid engine, as every electric motor powered by capacitors (as described in the example below), allows fast acceleration of every vehicle powered by the double action internal combustion-electric hybrid system.

The hybrid system is more compact and not so heavy in the comparison with two separate units for the same functions to power hybrid vehicles, submarines, ships and airplanes.

Because the engine recharges by reciprocating generators the battery smaller batteries are required than in an electric vehicle, as example.

The double action hybrid system uses less fuel than conventional internal combustion engines and does not have the limitations in range that have been a problem for traditional battery electric vehicles. One of the enhancements of presented hybrid system includes a computer that would optimize fuel consumption been deciding when to use the two engine parts and when the battery needs to be recharged. The computer switch reciprocating electrical machines to act as electric generators in the cases of car decelerating to convert the car kinetic energy to usable power for battery charging. Simultaneously the generators act as vehicle brake, as well.

The new invented double action reversible power system can use well known and already very well developed drive trains for standard cars powered by combustion engines.

The drivers of all cars powered by presented engine will drive them as a conventional vehicle.

Example of double action internal combustion-electric power system
In one of possible double action engine designs reciprocating plungers (pistons like) are slidingly mounded in cylinders like stators and connected to a common crankshaft.

Fixed magnets, preferably of the samarium cobalt alloy type, are mounted in the piston/s to intermittently attract and repel sequentially energized electromagnets which are mounted in the cylinder walls. For the eclectic part of the hybrid power system can be used non-magnetized materials including aluminum. A power source for the stator electromagnets includes a capacitor discharge circuit for directing electrical energy to the electromagnets.

In the part of our ISEC we apply a fluid for artificial cooling of the PV modules. By cooling the temperature of the fluid is increased. In our ISEC we used several innovative approaches to convert the effect of a resulted positive temperature difference.

Passive PV cooling

The energy conversion efficiency of solar cells decreases as the temperature of the solar cells increases. Furthermore, increasing temperature may also have detrimental effects on other components of the photovoltaic system, including thermal stress which may result in failures in the photovoltaic system.

Many conventional support frames are configured to create a dead air space beneath a photovoltaic panel. Air within the dead air space provides almost no convective cooling and often retains heat. Cooling can be provided by both active and passive systems. Active cooling systems may include Rankine cycle system and absorption system, both of which require additional hardware and costs. Passive cooling systems such as convection cooling; radiative cooling; and evaporative cooling from water surfaces exposed to the atmosphere may also be used. What is needed is a passive cooling system for photovoltaic panels to minimize or eliminate dead air space and increase passive cooling.

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a photovoltaic system capable of efficiently cooling a photovoltaic panel by means of a heat pump device in order to keep the generating efficiency of the panel from decreasing.
SOLUTION: A photovoltaic system comprises a photovoltaic panel for effecting photovoltaic generation; a heat pump device having a refrigerating cycle comprising a compressor, a heat radiator, a decompression device, a heat exchanger. For heat storage, and the like, which are connected to one another; a hot water circuit or heating water using the heat radiator; a hot water storage tank connected to the hot water circuit for storing the hot water heated; a heat storage means provided in such a way as to be capable of exchanging heat with the heat exchanger; and a brine circulating circuit for circulating brine. The brine circulating circuit is connected to the panel and the heat storage means in such a manner as to be capable of exchanging heat therewith.

Described below is a water-based cooling system applied to photovoltaic panels for reducing the loss of power caused by the increase of the working temperature thereof. The system includes a sandwich-like assembly for a photovoltaic panel comprising an acrylic plate located at the rear portion thereof which is joined together to the panel frame, and hermetically sealed. Said plate, which is located on a surface at 45 degree, receives water from a potable water reservoir through a leading pipe, this latter element comprising a device locate at the end portion thereof for controlling the water level, thus regulating the water inlet. The panel is cooled by the water flow, thereby resulting in an optimum performance and power generation; the electrical power generated by the photovoltaic panels is stored in batteries so as to be used when required. The water flow is regulated by a sensor, a PIC and a valve when water has reached a specific temperature; the water exiting the panel is stored in a thermal container so as to be subsequently used for common sanitary purposes.

This invention provides a PV directional control method that is applicable to modules of a plurality of solar powered photovoltaic cells, especially modules with planar light-receiving surfaces. The method has general utility to maximize the energy output of solar powered PV cells, and it has particular utility where the module(s) is used to power an electrolyzer system to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water because of the initial and operating costs of the PV systems. The method is aimed at making optimal use of the module(s) and reducing the size and cost of the PV power system as well as the physical space required for its placement and operation. Accordingly, the method of this invention is preferably considered in the design of the module for a particular geographical location.

In most geographical locations there are many daylight hours in which the sun is obscured by atmospheric cloud cover. Even in locations known for abundant sunshine there are times when the solar radiation available to PV cells is substantially reduced by intervening clouds. A PV module performs well in cloudless sunlight using conventional two-axis tracking. But the PV module control method of this invention is based on the unexpected discovery that a PV module receives more solar energy in a horizontal position (facing upwardly) when there is appreciable cloud cover. As will be described in more detail below in this specification, a planar PV module receives more sunlight in a horizontal position when the total solar irradiance is relatively low due to heavy cloud cover. Application of this factor permits more efficient use of the PV module under such operating conditions. This enables a module of given design capacity to be more fully utilized, reducing both the initial cost of the PV system and the space required for powering an electrical load, such as a hydrogen producing electrolyzer. [0010] Accordingly, each PV module is supported so as to be movable through a range of tilted positions following and facing the sun (two-axis solar tracking). But, in addition to the solar tracking mode of operation, the module is also movable to a horizontal position, facing upwardly. And a control method is provided to determine which PV module position gathers the most solar energy at each moment of daylight operation

Photovoltaic solar cells efficiency

First of all - it is the solar tracking systems that increase  PV system energy yield up to 40%.

Second - reflectors and solar concentrators.

And different combinations of above described approaches that increase  conventional PV system energy yield up to 110%.

We developed an Innovative, centered on a mast, wind-solar power installation which PV modules are mounted on the upper surface of the wind speed regulating panels that accelerated and/or decelerated the air flow before and behind of at least one wind turbine rotor, in order to maximize the energy yield of the power installation. We have increased the power output of a wind turbine model by a factor about 2.0 by means of a two horizontal wings placed at close distance to a conventional turbine rotor with horizontal axis.

The basic of this technology is double use of photovoltaic panels / wind accelerators. By nights and by cloudy/wind days they accelerated the wind that concentrated to the wind turbine rotors. In the rest time a computer aided regulator maximized the power output of the hybrid installation simultaneously of both PV and wind energy production.

The method includes the storing of a feedstock, preferably a biomass, to form a digester feed material. This digester feed material is processed by a digestion process, which mimics the bovine digestion process, in a digester. The process evolves a biogas and forms a digested material. Importantly, the process is monitored, to collect a plurality of digester datum from the digester, and preferably from all stages of the process. These individual points or elements of the datum are telemetered to a cumulative data base for storage and eventual retrieval.

The cumulative data base is "mined" to compile a predictive, feed forward control of an anaerobic digester system. The term mining is employed to describe the process of utilizing an artificially intelligent software application to draw specific relationships from the cumulative data base. This data mining software is a prepackaged and commercially available product, yet highly adaptable to user specific applications. In the present know-how, the results of the data mining can be used to construct feedstock correlations between the metabolic activity within the digesters and an analysis of the feed stocks into the digesters. These feedstock correlations can be employed in both feed back and feed forward controls of the anaerobic digester system. The method can further include a recovery of the biogas generated within the digester, with the aid of a biogas recovery system. With the typical biomass feedstock, the biogas formed within the digester is predominantly methane, and the anaerobic digester system is preferably operated to maximize the quantity and quality of methane generated. This biogas formation can be directly related to the metabolic activity within the digesters and optimized with the correlations discovered in the mining of the cumulative data base.